Jasper Jones Study Notes free essay sample

This late, the architecture is desolate and reached of colour’’ symbolic, suggests of life having been washed out in the town-devoid of colour. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"She swipes the curtain back, pleased to see me. She even has sunflowers on the windowsill† – Pathetic Fallacy * Miner’s hall – The hall is full of people for the new years fireworks. â€Å"There’s an enormous bonfire in the pebbled car park of the Miners hall, a pyramid of old railway sleepers feeding the flame. Against the wall of the hall, there are crates of fireworks†. â€Å"Behind the hall they’ve shovelled coals into a long hole†. People spill out of the hall like wasps from a hive†. Pg 296. * Inside the cottage- â€Å"The inside of the cottage is dim. Its strange light the colour of egg yolk. The wallpaper is split and faded. Everything smells of dust and turpentine. On my left is a wall hanging of butterflies with pins through their bodies. We will write a custom essay sample on Jasper Jones Study Notes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They don’t look very colourful. The hall mantle is full of photographs and trinkets and doilies† pg 300 – 301. His furniture is very bad â€Å"He gestures towards to ratty coaches by the window† pg 301 * From the outside it is described as â€Å"The yard beyond is scruffy and dilapidated. Along the border closest to the river, where the bush meets the property thick thatches of blackberries press through the rusted wire fence. On the other side towards the cottage, I notice a goat tethered to a star picket and lying on its side†. Pg 300. * â€Å"He’d come in from the back, ducking through his wire fence and started snooping around. † * The wire fence was there as Jasper described himself invading Lionel’s property, symbolising that Lionel may have some secrecy or something he does not want anyone else to see. 3. * â€Å"And so Corrigan remains a town of barnacles† – Metaphor, relates to Miner’s Hall incident. The town of Corrigan is close knit; therefore they cling onto each other – relating back to barnacles. * Pete Wishart, Laura and Eliza’s father, is probably the most hypocritical character in the novel. Whenever Charlie mentions him, he almost consistently remarks that he is the â€Å"Shire President†. Mr Wishart lives in the posh part of town in a lovely home and is a man of influence. Yet he is a drunkard and an abusive, sexually violent man. He has impregnated Laura but savagely beats Jasper Jones in the confines of the jail cell as if Jasper is responsible for her disappearance. In an echo of Charlie’s mother’s misplaced guilt Jasper tells us ‘ he was sticking the boot in most of all. Pissed as a rat and twice as angry. Screamin at me, spittin. Where is she? What did you do? Stinkin of turps, worse than my old man’ (pp. 136-137) * Charlie repeats town gossip that Jasper Jones is a ‘half-caste’, which angers Charlie’s father. When it becomes clear that Charlie doesn’t understand the term his father ‘softened and explained’. (p. 6) 4. Like Jasper, Jeffrey Lu’s family are racial ‘outsiders’. They are Vietnamese Australians during the Vietnam war. Australian men, including those from Corrigan, are being drafted to fight in the war (e. g. p. 125). An – Jeffrey’s father – is an engineer who is sponsored to work on the Corrigan mine. The Lus are subjected to a casual and universal racism. Jeffrey is called ‘Cong’ by the cricket team and his ancestry mimicked ‘Ah, me so solly’. ‘Communist’ is an all purpose slur, also used by Jeffrey. Perhaps it is in an effort to demonstrate their ‘Australianness’,. * The Lus poke fun at the communists too. Their cat is named Chairman Meow and their (swearing) budgie Chairman Wow. Despite their attempts to assimilate, the Lus are blamed for the impact the war has on the town. Sue Findlay attacks Mrs Lu after her husband is killed in the war and her son drafted (p. 128. Mr Buktin’s explanation p. 130). Yet the An family are victims of the war too. Jeffrey’s uncle and aunt are killed in a bombing raid in the war (p. 114) leaving behind orphaned children that the Lus cannot remove from the country. * One of the men who destroys An’s garden has lost his job for drunkenness, yet chooses to blame the sponsored An for his unemployment. He’s involved. He’s red. He’s a red! Fucking! Rat! ’(p. 204) * Jasper says of his status ‘They reckon I’m just half an animal with half a vote’ (pp. 22-23). Indigenous people were not counted in the population census with other citizens until 1967. Instead, they were counted as part of the flora and fauna, hence Jasper’s reference to ‘half an animal’. In 1962 voting rights were extended to Indigenous people under the Commonwealth franchise but voting was not compulsory as it was for other citizens. Hence, ‘half a vote’. 5. 6. Charlie suggests that his father is also an Atticus figure though without Atticus’ courage. ‘He should have been a lawyer, like Atticus Finch. But he’d have to stand up for something then’ (p. 102). Just as Jem and Scout change their views on their father when he squares off against the rabid dog, Charlie sees his father differently when he defends An Lu from his attackers. ‘He stands up, tall and intimidating. He glares with real anger. And I can’t help but feel a blush of pride seeing it. I’ve been wrong about him’ (p. 204). There is a marked tolerance of alcoholism in powerful figures. Mr Wishart – shire president – is an acknowledged drunk. It does not appear to occur to anyone that his alcohol intake disqualifies him from public office. Eliza says, when Laura disappears, ‘My dad is just trying to be normal, which means, you know, stinking of beer and yelling a lotâ €™. (p. 89) ‘First he just refused to admit she’d gone missing. Now it’s as though he never had another daughter. He’s blocked it all out. He’s blocked everything out really. Which must be easy when you’re drunk all the time’. (p. 173). Wes (Charlie’s father) confirms Eliza’s view of her father’s drunkenness when he says – at the cricket match – ‘I don’t think he moved too far from the bar. He had a few under his belt’ p. 192. The head of the local constabulary, the Sarge, is puking his guts into a drain on New Year’s Eve (p. 244). 7. 8. * ‘Superman fears nothing because outside a few very specific circumstances where he might encounter some stupid rock, nothing can possibly do him in. Batman has the same vulnerabilities as the rest of us, so he has the same fears as us. That’s why he is the most courageous: because he can put those aside and fight on regardless. My point is this: the more you have to lose, the braver you are for standing up’ (p. 54) Charlie explicitly compares Jasper to Batman as they go to confront Mad Jack Lionel: ‘I watch him walk. Straight-backed, chest full of air. And I see it now, just how counterfeit his confidence is. It’s a noise, a distraction, hot air. It’s Batman’s cape, it’s my father’s combover’ (p. 228) 9. * Mentoin when Jefferey swears at his mum, and his mum dosen’t even know what it means 10. * Charlie notices that Eliza’s mode of speaking subtly changes during the course of her ideal. She adopts a slightly more British, clipped pronounciation, presumably in imitation of her idol Audrey Hepburn in Breakfast at Tiffany’s. 11. * Trust works both ways in a relationship- Charlie and Jasper needs to trust each other in order to be able to work together. â€Å"But you tole me you were in for the pound Charlie and I took your word† pg 294 * â€Å"It’s up to you if you dun trust me or not† pg 294 * â€Å"What have you done† pg 353 – when Jasper sees Eliza in his secret place and he immediately questions Charlie this shows that if there is no trust the relationship can easily be broken. Alcohol is used as a form of escape- Charlie hates the current situation and the weight of everything on his shoulders and he yearns for the need to escape all this responsibility. â€Å"I want to lie back down with Eliza I want to take a small hits of whisky with jasper Jones even just to tip the bottle to me shut lips and pretend I’m sucking down with him† pg 363 * Family needs to be nurtured with love- Charlie’s mum never received any love from his father and therefore it led to a fall down in family relations. His mother needed love so she went and cheated on her husband. You don’t understand she sobs. Your father doesn’t love me. He never has. You don’t know anything. You don’t know anything at all† * Discrimination leads people to be isolated- Mad Jack Lionel discriminated against Aborigines, â€Å".. David was dirtying the family name† He went against his son’s marriage which only led him to be isolated from his family â€Å"Jack Lionel banished his son from the house. David snatched up some belongings and left willingly† David also got isolated from people because he married an Aboriginal. â€Å"Even David’s mates turned their backs after saying their piece. Eventually they all left him alone. † 12. 13. * To Kill a Mockingbird 14. * A feature of coming of age stories is the transition from a one dimensional view of morals and ethics to a far more complex understanding of right and wrong. The world that reveals itself to Charlie is one in which apparently conflicting views and behaviours enjoy a snug fit and co-existence. poke fun at the communists too. Their cat is named Chairman Meow and their (swearing) budgie Chairman Wow. Despite their attempts to assimilate, the Lus are scapegoated for the impact the war has on the town.

Where to Find Top Essay Topics for Competitive Exams

Where to Find Top Essay Topics for Competitive Exams The Meaning of Top Essay Topics for Competitive Exams Diet can definitely make or break things so you need to be quite careful about that. So be sure you are in possession of a suitable diet prepared from beforehand so that you could be prepared for the exam in the simplest way possible. Assume which you're dwelling in a society that doesn't have any law. In case the place you're studying has plenty of noise, then you ought to go somewhere there's peace. In order to get children, both parents ought to be certified. Make certain you do not repeat precisely the same point with various tones and words. Word limit Also adhere to the word limit and maintain a tab in time. Since there's a word limit you will need to be concise and at the very same time you want to remember not to miss out any important point. Make sure that it's crisp and introduces the topic in the very best possible way. So long as you ensure you keep concentrated on the topic for an agreed quantity of time, this may be one of the absolute most effective methods to challenge yourself. This topic will need a lot of practice. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you presently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. Vital Pieces of Top Essay Topics for Competitive Exams Outline Its a great practice to jot down the key points before you commence writing. Guidebooks and specialized lessons on writing may have the ability to give only the suggestions, but the actual work or practice might have to come from you. As soon as you finish preparing these topics thoroughly, look at these topics from prior years' SBI PO Mains exam together with sample essays to acquire a more accurate picture of the exam. It's important to select debatable argum entative essay topics since you need opposing points that you could counter to your own points. What's more, you should supply the positive details of the topic provided. Therefore, you can ask all the essential questions and consult on some points. Toppr Discuss' has a feature by which you are able to ask' any type of question. In the examination hall, after choosing the topic that you would like to attempt, first decide the points which you would put in your essay. Alongside the thesis statement, a succinct introduction to the subject of the question and no less than a brief hint of the argument which would be supported in the essay should also be supplied in the very first paragraph of the essay. There are a lot of intriguing topics that could be become a persuasive essay if you take the opportunity to consider about doing it. In Paper II, there'll be two sub parts where the very first part will have essay or letter writing while second part is going to have a comprehension and you'll have to answer the question linked to the paragraph and will need to provide an ideal title for the passage in the long run. You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but remember to do your homework on what the recent laws about your preferred topic actually say. Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't challenging to discover. Best professional on-line essay writer business is at your services. In short for the very first topic you will need to have some understanding of banking and economics. Advertising and the media are now nearly inseparable from society for a whole. By doing this you may easily finish the descriptive paper. Second, what you ought to do is remember the keywords. The keywords are extremely important and shall be needed when you're getting ready for an exam. The use of social networking in politics. Individual schools sometimes need supplemental essays. Parents must be at fault for providing a wholesome diet. They should talk to their children about drugs at a young age. Prospective parents ought to be asked to take parenting classes. You've got to compose an Essay on only 1 topic of your pick. The Essay Topics list is provided for English along with Hindi section. Quite frequently, the ideal topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get ready to research it. Suggestion from preceding achievers can be rather helpful.

Essay Topics on Cell Phones As a Distraction Site

Essay Topics on Cell Phones As a Distraction SiteDue to the advanced technology of today, the following essay topics on cell phones as a distraction site: teacherspayteachers.com, will be discussed. First, some people assume that using a cell phone is the easiest way to go. But, that is not the case. Using a cell phone is often times a distraction as well.Most people do not know the dangers of cell phone radiation and text messages. If you are not very safe to use a cell phone, what will happen when it comes to a college course? The writer of the essay or project must be prepared to face possible problems such as having an essay topic on cell phones as a distraction site: teacherspayteachers.com; used as a distraction by the students.Although texting on cell phones is allowed, there is more to it than just that. Texting on a cell phone is sometimes used as a means of distraction. Students are aware of the dangers, but they like the thrill of getting their texts read by another person . Of course, when it comes to a college essay or project, it is not only dangerous but, it can also be a complete distraction. The use of a cell phone as a distraction could cost the student his or her grade.As an example, the writer of the essay topics on cell phones as a distraction site: teacherspayteachers.com must deal with the following: an immediate distraction from his or her writing, and then, the bad impression that would surely be left in the mind of the student. That could cause a delay in the completion of the assignment, as well as, cause the student to lose the interest in the work. In other words, it is a total loss for the student's grade. The writing grade will be lowered to the point where the writer will have to take the rest of the semester off of school to accomplish the work.A second example of what can happen if the essay topics on cell phones as a distraction site: teacherspayteachers.com is used would be that the student will do a survey or test that would need the students' answering on the cell phones. They would answer questions about the background of the student and their opinions on things. These types of tests are commonly known as the reverse psychology test, where the student needs to answer the questions about the student. The student may even be asked to write a biography about the student.Another form of distraction that would be a reason for a student to not use cell phones would be the use of home computers. Because these computers have many distractions, students are often times left unable to complete their assignments.And, the last example of what can happen, if the essay topics on cell phones as a distraction site: teacherspayteachers.com is used, would be that the college student is put in a situation where he or she must respond to something offensive. The student is usually told that if he or she does not respond to it, it will automatically be placed in the trash so that the student has no way of knowing what it is.Remember, the best thing to do in a situation like this is to ignore the fact that the essay topics on cell phones as a distraction site: teacherspayteachers.com was used. Just let it be and finish the assignment.

New Ideas Into Research Paper Topics on Christian History after 1500 Never Before Revealed

New Ideas Into Research Paper Topics on Christian History after 1500 Never Before Revealed You certainly wish to consider the longevity of your book. The more you fully grasp the simpler it's for you to compose a thriving research paper. They may want the ease of e-books, but in addition they want the feeling of a human connection a paper book offers. Yes, it's faster and simpler to shop online, but in the event you really, truly, wish to browse, you visit a bookstore. Correct all errors that you are able to spot and enhance the general grade of the paper to the best of your ability. If you want to read, and wish to learn about the game of basketball, you might want to check into purchasing a book or two on this subject. This method will make it possible for you to swiftly put all your resources in the most suitable place as you organize your notes based on your outline. Bear in mind both of these rules. These teachings have consistently played a crucial part in shaping the lives of a lot of people. No matter in which you choose to search, make sure you maintain an open mind. Your attitude to the topic may well decide on the amount of work and enthusiasm which you put into your research. Home schooling gives an exceptional education under controlled conditions. Because written assignments form the foundation for almost all kinds of performance assessments in college, their importance cannot be overstated. The report emphasizes that in to o many situations, higher school just does not prepare students for the rigors of college life, including most especially all the writing they must do in order to succeed. Luckily, there's a sizable selection of children's books which are highly entertaining and educational. The same holds for writing. You want to reveal the readers that you master of this issue and not a confused newbie who doesn't understand what he or she's referring to. If you intend to connect with readers only online, maybe you don't require this advice, yet to produce only e-books is to alienate a fantastic portion of your audience. The significance of your topic has to be established and put in the context of the present secondary literature on the discipline. If you've promised yourself which you would get started reading the Bible more faithfully but haven't yet done it, reading this book would be a fantastic way to jump-start your study. Despite the fact that the Christian side lost, their opposition is still robust and just time can establish the best fate of this matter. Cynthia Dunbar doesn't have a high regard for her regional schools. Today its influence is quite low and constantly fading. The thought that hard working people ought to be wealthy and idle folks ought to be poor originated from biblical passages which say that a guy who doesn't work shall not eat. There isn't anything more liberating and rewarding than imagination which has been tempered by proper reading. You've come to the proper location! History, and indeed the men and women who make it, deserve far more than that. The principal difficulty is that topic is the most crucial element of the entire research paper. Do not be hesitant to ask questions if there are a number of unclear points. In the event the indistinct issues continue to be at large, it is wise to leave this topic be and simply pick another one. There are instances when you're assigned with the topic but more frequently, you'll need to create a topic on your own. Before you start your essay you should already have a very clear sense of what information will go in what paragraph and what evidence you're going to utilize in each individual paragraph. Inside this paper that you want to state your opinion with authority. The solution appears to be yes. Should have been simple to receive an answer. Ok, I Think I Understand Research Paper Topics on Christian History after 1500, Now Tell Me About Research Paper Topics on Christian History after 1500! A typed 1500 word essay is all about two pages long in the event you use a single space. Each of these various kinds of essays involves using a different strategy, structure and sort of content, and it is not difficult to become overwhelmed by the details, particularly for the very first moment. First off you must realize that what it is that you are writing will influence the period of chapter you wish to use. There are numerous formatting styles typically employed.

In fact, many students actually have more time for studying the essay than they do for writing the essay. You will have to really prepare yourself well. You will be reading the paper for the exam. The Artifact Analysis Essay Sample Can Help You Score

In fact, many students actually have more time for studying the essay than they do for writing the essay. You will have to really prepare yourself well. You will be reading the paper for the exam. The Artifact Analysis Essay Sample Can Help You ScoreOne of the best ways to improve your academic score on your AP examination is to submit an Artifact Analysis Essay Sample. This is an essay that can give you a jumpstart in improving your grade. You need to study for this one step ahead of time.Before you start writing, you will need to understand what this type of essay is all about. The goal of this type of essay is to give you some insight into how the examiner views the real value of the artifact. You will have to consider your reader's comprehension of the information you present.This is something that must be explained. You will have to consider the reasons behind your artifact's value. You should think about the benefits of the reader in his or her reading of the artifact.As mentio ned above, this is also part of the Critical Thinking part of the AP Examinations. Many students struggle with it. You will have to think through all the parts of the essay before you go to the AP Exam.You will need to come up with a nice solution to the questions that are posed by the examiner. You will need to really explain why the artifact was valuable and why it should be valued.If you want to study for the Artifact Analysis Essay Sample properly, you will need to plan on it at least a month before the exam. This is because it will take you a long time to write. You will have to spend a lot of time on the essay.

The Typical Practices Employed by Chinese Companies in Africa

The Typical Practices Employed by Chinese Companies in Africa Introduction China is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. In the last three decades, China experienced a rapid growth in its gross domestic product (GDP). This growth was characterized by a rapid expansion of both domestic and foreign companies in China. The companies focused on serving all market segments in order to increase their revenues. This has led to the saturation of most industries in China.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Typical Practices Employed by Chinese Companies in Africa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, most Chinese companies have had to look for alternative investment destinations. In this regard, Chinese firms have embarked on overseas investments through acquisitions and foreign direct investments (Mobius 2011). Africa is one of the destinations that have benefited from the Chinese companies’ growth plans. Even though the Chinese companies that are operati ng in Africa have contributed to economic growth, their operations have always been associated with malpractices such as poor pay. This paper sheds light on the practices that have been employed by the Chinese companies in Africa. The Practices of Chinese Companies in Africa Chinese companies have always been associated with labor malpractices in Africa. Such malpractices include poor pay, long shifts and physical harassment of employees. Workers in Chinese companies often complain of deplorable work environments and exposure to health hazards. These allegations are likely to be true since most of them are based on empirical research findings. However, the occurrence of these malpractices varies from country to country (Polgreen French 2007). Chinese companies can be found in nearly all African countries. However, complains about labor malpractices or unethical behavior are common in countries with weak governance systems. For example, Zimbabwe is led by a dictatorial regime that h as little regard for its citizens’ welfare. Consequently, the government has never taken any disciplinary action on the Chinese companies. On the country, Chinese companies in stable countries such as Kenya and South Africa have hardly been accused of any unethical behavior. Thus, the unethical behaviors of the Chinese companies can be attributed to poor governance in specific countries in Africa. For instance, corruption is one of the factors that prevent most African countries from taking disciplinary action against Chinese companies.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is apparent that not all Chinese companies usually engage in malpractices in Africa. Generally, cases of unethical behavior are common among companies that are operating in labor intensive industries such as the mining sector (Polgreen French 2007). For example, in Zimbabwe the complaints w ere raised against a Chinese construction company. This can be attributed to the fact that workers in this sector lack adequate education. Thus, they often tolerate the Chinese malpractices in order to protect their jobs. Finally, the malpractices can be attributed to the business culture of the Chinese companies. Long shifts are common in China where the Confucianism philosophy encourages hard work. Africa’s Attractiveness to Chinese Companies The factors that have contributed to the increase in the number of Chinese companies in Africa include the following. First, the demand for commodities such as oil, gold and copper is very high in China due to the rapid growth of its economy (Mobius 2011). The rapid growth in the country’s population has also increased the demand for foodstuffs. Africa has adequate land for food production. Additionally, it is rich in various minerals and raw materials. Consequently, Chinese companies are moving to Africa in order to extract min erals and raw materials. Moreover, they are interested in importing agricultural produce from Africa. Nearly 80% of exports from Africa to China are raw materials and agricultural produce. The Chinese government has negotiated trade agreements with over 45 African countries in order to facilitate exportation of commodities from Africa to China. Second, most African leaders have focused on establishing close relationships with the Chinese government. African leaders believe that they can learn important lessons from China in regard to development. The Chinese government has embarked on supporting African states by financing the construction of infrastructure such as roads, ports and railway systems. These facilities are often constructed by the Chinese companies since African firms lack the capacity to construct them. This explains the sharp increase in the number of Chinese construction companies in Africa. Third, positive economic growth in Africa has presented growth opportunities to Chinese companies. Disposable income in Africa has been rising steadily in the last decade. Moreover, the expansion of the manufacturing and agricultural sectors has increased the demand for machines and equipment in Africa. China has been able to produce cheap machines and consumer goods (Etzkowitz 2011, pp. 76-90).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Typical Practices Employed by Chinese Companies in Africa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, most African countries are importing machines and equipment from China. Most Chinese producers are relocating to Africa in order to improve the competitiveness of their products by eliminating exportation costs. Some companies have established retail outlets in Africa in order to maintain full control of their products and services. Fourth, China is interested in investing its foreign reserves in different economies in order to avoid the risks associated with investin g in one economy. The Chinese government has focused on giving credit to African countries at relatively low interest rates. The loans are normally processed by Chinese banks. This has led to an increase in the number of Chinese banks in Africa. Finally, tourism has attracted several Chinese companies to Africa (WTO 2010, pp. 1-51). The African continent has some of the best tourism destinations in the world. However, African firms lack the capital and the technology to serve the tourism industry. The Chinese companies have taken advantage of this situation by increasing their investments in Africa’s tourism industry. For instance, Chinese restaurants can be found in nearly all capital cities in Africa. Moreover, Chinese airlines are operating in nearly all major cities in Africa. Staffing Strategies Ethnocentric Staffing Strategy In this strategy, the holders of key positions in an overseas subsidiary of a multinational corporation are recruited from the company’s par ent country. This means that the managers of the subsidiary will be expatriates. The local citizens, on the other hand, are expected to fill the non-managerial positions. The advantages of this strategy include the following. To begin with, it enables managers to transfer the headquarters’ business culture to overseas subsidiaries in order to prevent cultural conflicts. Managers from the parent country are likely to have a better understanding of the headquarters’ organizational structure than local citizens. In this regard, employing expatriates facilitates implementation of the policies that are formulated by the company’s headquarters. The ethnocentric staffing strategy promotes effective communication between the company’s headquarters and the overseas subsidiaries (Bechet 2008, p. 123). This is because the expatriate managers are likely to have a good command of the language that is used at the headquarters.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, most Chinese companies in Africa employ Chinese managers because most Africans have little knowledge of the languages that are used in China. The ethnocentric staffing strategy is important in economies with inadequate supply of talented or skilled employees. In this case, employing expatriates will enable the company to save the cost of training the locals before employing them. Finally, employing expatriates enables the headquarters to maintain its control of the subsidiaries. Despite its benefits, the ethnocentric staffing strategy has the following disadvantages. To begin with, it limits the career growth opportunities of local managers because the top positions must be filled by expatriates (Bechet 2008, p. 126). This can cause dissatisfaction and a high turnover rate in the company. The strategy also interferes with the private lives of the expatriates. For example, they might be separated from their families for a very long time. Finally, expatriates from the par ent country are often insensitive to the expectations of the host country employees. This can create tensions and high dissatisfaction among employees. Polycentric Staffing Strategy In this strategy, citizens of the host country are employed to manage the overseas subsidiary of a multinational corporation. Expatriates are hardly given the responsibility of managing overseas subsidiaries. The advantages of this approach include the following. First, it helps in eliminating language barriers that normally occur when expatriates are sent to overseas subsidiaries (Bechet 2008, p. 127). Second, employing the nationals of the host country is less expensive as compared to hiring expatriates. Third, it promotes career growth among the nationals of the host country. This helps in enhancing staff commitment and loyalty. The disadvantages of this strategy include the following. First, maintaining effective communication between the headquarters and the subsidiary can be difficult due to langua ge barriers. Second, the headquarters is likely to lose control of the subsidiary if the employees from the host country have weak links with the head-office (Bechet 2008, p. 128). Finally, the polycentric strategy denies the employees the opportunity to gain international experience. Geocentric Staffing Strategy The application of this strategy involves filling key positions by promoting the best performing employees in the organization (Glasgow 2001, p. 45). The employees are promoted regardless of their nationality. The main advantage of this strategy is that it enables the company to create a pool of talented international managers. Its disadvantages include the following. To begin with, implementing the strategy can be difficult because the labor laws in the host country might require the company to hire the locals. It is also associated with high training and relocation costs. Region-centric Strategy In this strategy, employees are transferred to subsidiaries in a different co untry, but within the same region. The main advantage of this strategy is that it enables managers to compete for positions at the regional level. This promotes high productivity (Glasgow 2001, p. 46). However, it can be difficult to implement due to the high relocation costs that are associated with it. Diversity Management Approaches Diversity management initiatives facilitate cohesion in a multicultural workforce (Forbes 2012). However, most Chinese corporations that are operating in the African market do not consider diversity management as an important organizational function. Thus, most of them do not have a diversity management plan or strategy. The diversity management programs in most Chinese companies focus on conflict resolution. The companies normally establish conflict resolution committees whose members are drawn from various departments. These committees are responsible for handling any conflicts that might arise between the African employees and their Chinese counter parts. Recruiting African workers is one of the methods that the companies are using to promote diversity. They usually allocate a specific number of positions to Africans. The remaining positions are reserved for Chinese workers. Moreover, senior management positions are usually reserved for Chinese expatriates. In most cases, Chinese companies hire Africans in order to comply with labor laws rather than promoting diversity (Cooke Saini 2012, pp. 16-32). Generally, language barrier is the main factor that prevents Chinese companies from implementing diversity programs. In a nutshell, Africans and Chinese can not communicate easily since they hardly speak the same language. Hence, the Chinese companies prefer to employ their nationals. In some companies, diversity training programs are used to teach a common language that can be used by everyone in the company. Companies with effective diversity programs focus on succession planning. In this case, Africans who are expected to succe ed Chinese nationals are usually trained before they assume their positions. The trainings usually focus on the Chinese business culture and the language that is used in the company’s headquarters. Culture Shock The Chinese business culture is significantly different from that in Africa. Some of the distinctions between the two cultures and their effects on Chinese employees include the following. First, Africans focus on achieving organizational goals in the short term. The Chinese, on the other hand, focus on achieving the goals in the long term. The effect of this difference is that the Chinese employees often disagree with their African counterparts on the goals that should be achieved and the methods that must be used to achieve them. Second, Africans believe in a professional management system in which recruitments are based on qualifications (Cooke Saini 2012, pp. 16-32). The Chinese, on the other hand, believe that senior managers must be hired from the family that o wns the business. In this case, Chinese employees tend to disregard human resource policies that advocate for equal employment opportunity. Finally, most Africans are able to speak international languages such as English. However, most Chinese can not speak in English. In most African countries, English is the official language that is used to conduct business. Consequently, most Chinese workers find it difficult to give instructions or to understand feedbacks from African workers. Conclusion Chinese companies are joining the African market in order to increase their revenues. The factors that are attracting Chinese companies to Africa include availability of raw materials such as minerals and oil. Africa has a high demand for Chinese machines which are often cheap and easy to use. Additionally, the demand for consumer goods in Africa is always increasing. These factors make Africa an ideal investment destination for the Chinese companies. Even though Chinese companies have contribu ted to economic growth in Africa, they have also been accused of engaging in unethical business practices (Polgreen French 2007). Poor governance in Africa is one of the factors that encourage Chinese companies to engage in malpractices. Most Chinese companies use the ethnocentric staffing strategy. Consequently, they lack effective diversity management programs. References Bechet, T 2008, Strategic Staffing, McGraw-Hill, New York. Cooke, L Saini, D 2012, ‘Managing Diversity in Chinese and Indian Organizations’, Journal of Chinese Human Resource Management, vol. 3 no. 1, pp. 16-32. Etzkowitz, H 2012, ‘The Triple Helix: Science, Technology and the Entrepreneurial Spirit’, Journal of Knowledge-Based Innovation in China, vol. 3 no. 2, pp. 76-90. Forbes 2012, Global Diversity and Inclusion. Web. Glasgow, K 2001, A Strategic Model of Temporary Staffing, McGraw-Hill, New York. Mobius 2011, China’s Growing Presence in Africa. Web. Polgreen, L French, H 2 007, China’s Trade in Africa Carries a Price Tag. Web. WTO 2010, Study on Chinese Outbound Travel to Africa. Web.

The Typical Practices Employed by Chinese Companies in Africa

The Typical Practices Employed by Chinese Companies in Africa Introduction China is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. In the last three decades, China experienced a rapid growth in its gross domestic product (GDP). This growth was characterized by a rapid expansion of both domestic and foreign companies in China. The companies focused on serving all market segments in order to increase their revenues. This has led to the saturation of most industries in China.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Typical Practices Employed by Chinese Companies in Africa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, most Chinese companies have had to look for alternative investment destinations. In this regard, Chinese firms have embarked on overseas investments through acquisitions and foreign direct investments (Mobius 2011). Africa is one of the destinations that have benefited from the Chinese companies’ growth plans. Even though the Chinese companies that are operati ng in Africa have contributed to economic growth, their operations have always been associated with malpractices such as poor pay. This paper sheds light on the practices that have been employed by the Chinese companies in Africa. The Practices of Chinese Companies in Africa Chinese companies have always been associated with labor malpractices in Africa. Such malpractices include poor pay, long shifts and physical harassment of employees. Workers in Chinese companies often complain of deplorable work environments and exposure to health hazards. These allegations are likely to be true since most of them are based on empirical research findings. However, the occurrence of these malpractices varies from country to country (Polgreen French 2007). Chinese companies can be found in nearly all African countries. However, complains about labor malpractices or unethical behavior are common in countries with weak governance systems. For example, Zimbabwe is led by a dictatorial regime that h as little regard for its citizens’ welfare. Consequently, the government has never taken any disciplinary action on the Chinese companies. On the country, Chinese companies in stable countries such as Kenya and South Africa have hardly been accused of any unethical behavior. Thus, the unethical behaviors of the Chinese companies can be attributed to poor governance in specific countries in Africa. For instance, corruption is one of the factors that prevent most African countries from taking disciplinary action against Chinese companies.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is apparent that not all Chinese companies usually engage in malpractices in Africa. Generally, cases of unethical behavior are common among companies that are operating in labor intensive industries such as the mining sector (Polgreen French 2007). For example, in Zimbabwe the complaints w ere raised against a Chinese construction company. This can be attributed to the fact that workers in this sector lack adequate education. Thus, they often tolerate the Chinese malpractices in order to protect their jobs. Finally, the malpractices can be attributed to the business culture of the Chinese companies. Long shifts are common in China where the Confucianism philosophy encourages hard work. Africa’s Attractiveness to Chinese Companies The factors that have contributed to the increase in the number of Chinese companies in Africa include the following. First, the demand for commodities such as oil, gold and copper is very high in China due to the rapid growth of its economy (Mobius 2011). The rapid growth in the country’s population has also increased the demand for foodstuffs. Africa has adequate land for food production. Additionally, it is rich in various minerals and raw materials. Consequently, Chinese companies are moving to Africa in order to extract min erals and raw materials. Moreover, they are interested in importing agricultural produce from Africa. Nearly 80% of exports from Africa to China are raw materials and agricultural produce. The Chinese government has negotiated trade agreements with over 45 African countries in order to facilitate exportation of commodities from Africa to China. Second, most African leaders have focused on establishing close relationships with the Chinese government. African leaders believe that they can learn important lessons from China in regard to development. The Chinese government has embarked on supporting African states by financing the construction of infrastructure such as roads, ports and railway systems. These facilities are often constructed by the Chinese companies since African firms lack the capacity to construct them. This explains the sharp increase in the number of Chinese construction companies in Africa. Third, positive economic growth in Africa has presented growth opportunities to Chinese companies. Disposable income in Africa has been rising steadily in the last decade. Moreover, the expansion of the manufacturing and agricultural sectors has increased the demand for machines and equipment in Africa. China has been able to produce cheap machines and consumer goods (Etzkowitz 2011, pp. 76-90).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Typical Practices Employed by Chinese Companies in Africa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, most African countries are importing machines and equipment from China. Most Chinese producers are relocating to Africa in order to improve the competitiveness of their products by eliminating exportation costs. Some companies have established retail outlets in Africa in order to maintain full control of their products and services. Fourth, China is interested in investing its foreign reserves in different economies in order to avoid the risks associated with investin g in one economy. The Chinese government has focused on giving credit to African countries at relatively low interest rates. The loans are normally processed by Chinese banks. This has led to an increase in the number of Chinese banks in Africa. Finally, tourism has attracted several Chinese companies to Africa (WTO 2010, pp. 1-51). The African continent has some of the best tourism destinations in the world. However, African firms lack the capital and the technology to serve the tourism industry. The Chinese companies have taken advantage of this situation by increasing their investments in Africa’s tourism industry. For instance, Chinese restaurants can be found in nearly all capital cities in Africa. Moreover, Chinese airlines are operating in nearly all major cities in Africa. Staffing Strategies Ethnocentric Staffing Strategy In this strategy, the holders of key positions in an overseas subsidiary of a multinational corporation are recruited from the company’s par ent country. This means that the managers of the subsidiary will be expatriates. The local citizens, on the other hand, are expected to fill the non-managerial positions. The advantages of this strategy include the following. To begin with, it enables managers to transfer the headquarters’ business culture to overseas subsidiaries in order to prevent cultural conflicts. Managers from the parent country are likely to have a better understanding of the headquarters’ organizational structure than local citizens. In this regard, employing expatriates facilitates implementation of the policies that are formulated by the company’s headquarters. The ethnocentric staffing strategy promotes effective communication between the company’s headquarters and the overseas subsidiaries (Bechet 2008, p. 123). This is because the expatriate managers are likely to have a good command of the language that is used at the headquarters.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, most Chinese companies in Africa employ Chinese managers because most Africans have little knowledge of the languages that are used in China. The ethnocentric staffing strategy is important in economies with inadequate supply of talented or skilled employees. In this case, employing expatriates will enable the company to save the cost of training the locals before employing them. Finally, employing expatriates enables the headquarters to maintain its control of the subsidiaries. Despite its benefits, the ethnocentric staffing strategy has the following disadvantages. To begin with, it limits the career growth opportunities of local managers because the top positions must be filled by expatriates (Bechet 2008, p. 126). This can cause dissatisfaction and a high turnover rate in the company. The strategy also interferes with the private lives of the expatriates. For example, they might be separated from their families for a very long time. Finally, expatriates from the par ent country are often insensitive to the expectations of the host country employees. This can create tensions and high dissatisfaction among employees. Polycentric Staffing Strategy In this strategy, citizens of the host country are employed to manage the overseas subsidiary of a multinational corporation. Expatriates are hardly given the responsibility of managing overseas subsidiaries. The advantages of this approach include the following. First, it helps in eliminating language barriers that normally occur when expatriates are sent to overseas subsidiaries (Bechet 2008, p. 127). Second, employing the nationals of the host country is less expensive as compared to hiring expatriates. Third, it promotes career growth among the nationals of the host country. This helps in enhancing staff commitment and loyalty. The disadvantages of this strategy include the following. First, maintaining effective communication between the headquarters and the subsidiary can be difficult due to langua ge barriers. Second, the headquarters is likely to lose control of the subsidiary if the employees from the host country have weak links with the head-office (Bechet 2008, p. 128). Finally, the polycentric strategy denies the employees the opportunity to gain international experience. Geocentric Staffing Strategy The application of this strategy involves filling key positions by promoting the best performing employees in the organization (Glasgow 2001, p. 45). The employees are promoted regardless of their nationality. The main advantage of this strategy is that it enables the company to create a pool of talented international managers. Its disadvantages include the following. To begin with, implementing the strategy can be difficult because the labor laws in the host country might require the company to hire the locals. It is also associated with high training and relocation costs. Region-centric Strategy In this strategy, employees are transferred to subsidiaries in a different co untry, but within the same region. The main advantage of this strategy is that it enables managers to compete for positions at the regional level. This promotes high productivity (Glasgow 2001, p. 46). However, it can be difficult to implement due to the high relocation costs that are associated with it. Diversity Management Approaches Diversity management initiatives facilitate cohesion in a multicultural workforce (Forbes 2012). However, most Chinese corporations that are operating in the African market do not consider diversity management as an important organizational function. Thus, most of them do not have a diversity management plan or strategy. The diversity management programs in most Chinese companies focus on conflict resolution. The companies normally establish conflict resolution committees whose members are drawn from various departments. These committees are responsible for handling any conflicts that might arise between the African employees and their Chinese counter parts. Recruiting African workers is one of the methods that the companies are using to promote diversity. They usually allocate a specific number of positions to Africans. The remaining positions are reserved for Chinese workers. Moreover, senior management positions are usually reserved for Chinese expatriates. In most cases, Chinese companies hire Africans in order to comply with labor laws rather than promoting diversity (Cooke Saini 2012, pp. 16-32). Generally, language barrier is the main factor that prevents Chinese companies from implementing diversity programs. In a nutshell, Africans and Chinese can not communicate easily since they hardly speak the same language. Hence, the Chinese companies prefer to employ their nationals. In some companies, diversity training programs are used to teach a common language that can be used by everyone in the company. Companies with effective diversity programs focus on succession planning. In this case, Africans who are expected to succe ed Chinese nationals are usually trained before they assume their positions. The trainings usually focus on the Chinese business culture and the language that is used in the company’s headquarters. Culture Shock The Chinese business culture is significantly different from that in Africa. Some of the distinctions between the two cultures and their effects on Chinese employees include the following. First, Africans focus on achieving organizational goals in the short term. The Chinese, on the other hand, focus on achieving the goals in the long term. The effect of this difference is that the Chinese employees often disagree with their African counterparts on the goals that should be achieved and the methods that must be used to achieve them. Second, Africans believe in a professional management system in which recruitments are based on qualifications (Cooke Saini 2012, pp. 16-32). The Chinese, on the other hand, believe that senior managers must be hired from the family that o wns the business. In this case, Chinese employees tend to disregard human resource policies that advocate for equal employment opportunity. Finally, most Africans are able to speak international languages such as English. However, most Chinese can not speak in English. In most African countries, English is the official language that is used to conduct business. Consequently, most Chinese workers find it difficult to give instructions or to understand feedbacks from African workers. Conclusion Chinese companies are joining the African market in order to increase their revenues. The factors that are attracting Chinese companies to Africa include availability of raw materials such as minerals and oil. Africa has a high demand for Chinese machines which are often cheap and easy to use. Additionally, the demand for consumer goods in Africa is always increasing. These factors make Africa an ideal investment destination for the Chinese companies. Even though Chinese companies have contribu ted to economic growth in Africa, they have also been accused of engaging in unethical business practices (Polgreen French 2007). Poor governance in Africa is one of the factors that encourage Chinese companies to engage in malpractices. Most Chinese companies use the ethnocentric staffing strategy. Consequently, they lack effective diversity management programs. References Bechet, T 2008, Strategic Staffing, McGraw-Hill, New York. Cooke, L Saini, D 2012, ‘Managing Diversity in Chinese and Indian Organizations’, Journal of Chinese Human Resource Management, vol. 3 no. 1, pp. 16-32. Etzkowitz, H 2012, ‘The Triple Helix: Science, Technology and the Entrepreneurial Spirit’, Journal of Knowledge-Based Innovation in China, vol. 3 no. 2, pp. 76-90. Forbes 2012, Global Diversity and Inclusion. Web. Glasgow, K 2001, A Strategic Model of Temporary Staffing, McGraw-Hill, New York. Mobius 2011, China’s Growing Presence in Africa. Web. Polgreen, L French, H 2 007, China’s Trade in Africa Carries a Price Tag. Web. WTO 2010, Study on Chinese Outbound Travel to Africa. Web.