Circuits design and application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Circuits design and application - Essay Example Here the output of the analyzer is audio, so it can use any scope for the display. The analyzer functions as a Tunable RF Voltmeter. This makes it function as a natural receiver / transmitter tracing signals. A display of the frequency is provided using the analyzer on a transmitter. Owing to the high sensitivity of the instrument signal tracing receiver circuits are permitted from the antenna through the low-level Radio Frequency stages. Whereas a conventional RF voltmeter adds up all the individual voltages as a summation without indicating the components it is not the case with a spectrum analyzer. Additionally the analyzer displays local oscillator signal and its frequency and injection levels. A tracking generator added to the basic spectrum analyzer makes a powerful receiver system for measurements of stimulus-responses. The tracking generator is a signal source whose RF output tracks the tuning of the analyzer. Since the instantaneous output frequency is matched with the input frequency of the analyzer, this swept frequency test system actually substitutes for an effective synchronous detector. This ideally caters to the measurement of the frequency response of devices such as amplifiers, attenuators, mixers, transmission lines, couplers and even antennas used with an external bridge. Two or more oscillators mixed together generate the output. Typical application of the tracking generator consists of the RF output being connected to the device under test and its output in turn connected to input of the spectrum analyzer. The display resulting is the instantaneous plotting of the frequency response of the device under test. If one were looking out for a CRT display all t hat was needed was a 3 digit readout that could display 0 to 500 MHZ directly covering anywhere from a few MHZ to several hundred. Besides the conventional all-digital circuit solution there exists an alternate solution based on the Precision Frequency-to-voltage converter IC, along with the output of the pre-scaler IC. This is a low cost alternative for directly displaying the received frequency of almost any receiver. Simple adjustments to a potentiometer is all that is required to accommodate any IF frequency from zero to hundreds of MHZ. When the circuit is designed with a digital voltmeter and the DVM set on the 20 volt scale, 0 to 500 MHZ will be displayed as 0.00 to 5.00 volts. Front Panel Layout Instead nowadays we have the digital panel meter module such as the above which is ideal and reads directly in MHZ. Typical Design specifications for a Spectrum Analyzer R3132: 9 kHz to 3 GHz R3132N: 9 kHz to 2.2 GHz (75 ohms) R3162: 9 kHz to 8 GHz Signal Purity - 105 dBc/Hz 20 kHz Offset 100 dBc/Hz 10 kHz Offset Total Level Accuracy - Maximum 1.5 dB High-speed GPIB, Effective for System Applications High Speed Measurement - 20 Traces per Second 6.5-inch TFT Color LCD Built-in Frequency Counter 3 GHz Tracking Generator (Option) Floppy Disk for Data Saving Large Numeric Display for Measurement Results (In Counter and Power Measurement Mode) Printer Port RS-232 Port VGA output 20 dB Preamp QP detector and EMC filtersSpectrum analyzers are used widely to make measurements of radio frequencies. Performances at high levels are guaranteed as compared to a few years ago.

The Repercussions of Substance Abuse in College Essay

The Repercussions of Substance Abuse in College - Essay Example Also, since I have been hearing many complaints flying rampant around the dormitory I do feel it is in everyone's best interest if I am the one to be the go between in this situation. Since the problems have been concreting upon each other, and causing disruption in the dormitory, I feel if I don't make a move quickly then the various drinking occurrences might be brought to the Dean's attention and I don't feel neither George nor Edward would want that to occur. Furthermore, as a personal friend of them both I believe that I owe it to them to help them find a resolution to their dilemma by communicating with both of them what the possible outcome of the situation could entail. My main goal is to express to them my disapproval in how each one of them appears to be ignoring the situation and neglecting to respect each other. I also aim to point out to them that these specific activities are disrupting not only their lives but the majority of the other college students routines as well by allowing their personal problems to transcend into something even more pronounced than when it initially began. On the day I planned to discuss the situation with Edward and George, I noticed that there seemed to be a lot of tension in the dormitory. ... I emphasized to Edward that although he was not the reason for George's drinking he had allowed it to continue for months, depleting him from energy he needed for classes, as well as denying rest to many of his other classmates also. I discussed with him how he could be a better friend to George. The way I did this was to point out he could be his talk buddy, and what I meant by that was that he could be there for George to talk to when he felt the urge to drink instead of simply sitting back and allowing him to do so. I pressed upon George how he was ruining any chance he might have at a good college education by his late night partying and then having no reserve energy left over for his studies. They both seemed to understand where I was coming from in my explanation and vowed to each work together as friends to put an end to the problem. In between hearing them both out, I made sure that they understood that by carrying on the way that they were they were not only hurting each other but the rest of the students in the dormitory. I explained that everyone was losing much needed sleep because of the extracurricular activities not being controlled. Also, I went on to stress to Edward that I understood he again was not to blame but at the same time I pointed out that he had a responsibility to help someone with whom he was friends with. I explained that if he would have intervened when the problem was only minimal perhaps it wouldn't have gotten as bad as it has and Edward seemed to understand my point exactly. He did feel bad that he let George down by not watching out for him when he knew he had a drinking problem but his attitude he